Source Paper C

Enthymeme
Claim: Harry Potter has changed non readers into readers.
Reason: because Harry Potter has rich character description, good story line in a magical world and J.K. Rowling has respect for her readers.

Target Audience: Adults who are unsure why Harry Potter has been such a phenomenon.

Goal: Persuade the audience the reasons why Harry Potter has been so popular

How:
Pathos : The author uses pathos, even in the short article, by describing the world of Harry Potter with vivid detail and helping the reader to understand the emotional ties that the children feel to characters. He gives specific examples of children who relate to different characters. He uses rich detail to describe the plot to make the article a teaser.

Logos: There is also a degree of logos used. The author uses logical sense of why the book is popular using elements like ‘deep’ characters and a fanciful yet realistic world people can relate to. Most people know that people are drawn to such rich characters and creative stories.

Typical: The author does use a lot of individual quotes from young readers. This makes it seem less typical since there are so many individual cases. One child might relate to one character, but he could be the only one that does relate. Others might have never felt connected to that character.

Effective: This informative piece is effective in my opinion. It makes the reader sense the magical yet familiar world of Harry Potter while describing the in depth characters that make the book. A reader of this article would now understand why the phenomenon has grown so great. Perhaps they would even be curious enough to read the books themselves. The claim that Harry Potter has changed non readers to readers is not very debatable though. Everyone knows that Harry Potter has been very influential. Everyone already agrees with the claim.

Word count: 313

AUTHOR: SARA ANN BEACH & ELIZABETH HARDEN WILLNER
TITLE: The Power of Harry: The Impact of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter Books on Young Readers
SOURCE: World Literature Today 76 no1 102-6 Wint 2002

The magazine publisher is the copyright holder of this article and it is reproduced with permission. Further reproduction of this article in violation of the copyright is prohibited. To contact the publisher: http://www.ou.edu/worldlit/

I don't usually like to read, matter of fact I don't like to read. I thought Harry Potter was going to be an ordinary book, but it isn't.... When my teacher says that it [is] time to stop reading, me and my classmates would groan.
--Jennifer, age 10
JENNIFER'S WORDS characterize the response of many children to the phenomenon of Harry Potter, boy wizard, and his adventures with his friends Ron and Hermione at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Beginning with Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (known in the U.K. as The Philosopher's Stone), J. K. Rowling's tale about an adolescent boy's life in a parallel world of magic spells and fantastic creatures has captivated young and old alike. Children like Jennifer who had previously not read for pleasure are standing in line at bookstores and libraries to get the next book in the series. Adults are placing advance orders on the Internet to obtain the books as soon as possible. To find out how the Harry Potter books have turned nonreaders into readers and why children and adolescents are enthralled by the series, we asked fifth-, sixth-, and eighth-graders to tell us what they thought. Based upon their writings and our own reading (and rereading) of the four books published to date, we believe that the answer is rooted in the magical world and story created by Rowling, the richness of her characters, and the respect she exhibits for her readers.

A PARALLEL WORLD OF MAGIC
Rowling's world takes the natural and the supernatural, the real and the mythical, and juxtaposes them. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone begins in a manner reminiscent of stories by British children's author Roald Dahl. Harry Potter, an orphan with a distinctive lightning-shaped scar, living in a suburb of London, is downtrodden and marginalized by the cruel Muggle (nonmagical) aunt and uncle who have taken him in after his parents' untimely deaths. Harry's life changes on his eleventh birthday, when he is notified that he has been accepted into Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. What follows are adventures in which Harry explores his past and his affinity for the world of magic, finds friendship for the first time, and connects his past with his possible future.
Rowling has planned seven volumes, one for each of Harry's years at Hogwarts. In the first book of the series, Harry, his best friend Ron Weasley, and the brainy but slightly priggish Hermione Granger succeed in capturing the sorcerer's stone from the evil Lord Voldemort (He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named), Harry's archnemesis, the murderer of his parents, and the one responsible for the scar on his forehead. Harry returns to Hogwarts for his second year in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. As the year commences, a pall of suspicion cloaks the school as students are turned to stone under bizarre circumstances, and Harry and friends must discover the culprit. As the third book, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, begins, the vile criminal Sirius Black has escaped from the wizard prison of Azkaban and is feared to be headed toward Hogwarts and Harry. However, things are not as they appear. In a strange turn of circumstances, Harry and his friends discover the truth about his father, his godfather, and Lord Voldemort. Harry's fourth year at Hogwarts is chronicled in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, by far the darkest and most complex novel in the series so far. The reader is introduced to two more schools of witchcraft and wizardry whose students journey to Hogwarts for the ancient Triwizard Tournament. Lord Voldemort's return, foreshadowed during the Quidditch World Cup, unexpectedly thrusts the unprepared Harry into a perilous fight for survival.
The magical world created by Rowling draws young readers into the books by connecting aspects of the world in which they live with a world that transcends reality. Harry and his friends participate in such everyday activities as buying school supplies, sending and receiving letters, going to classes, and playing sports. However, school supplies are not pencils and notebooks, classes do not include science and mathematics, letters are not delivered by a mail carrier, and the main sport is Quidditch, a cross between rugby and basketball played on broomsticks. For school supplies, Harry and friends head to Diagon Alley, the equivalent of a wizard mall, to purchase wands.
The nonhuman characters that inhabit both Hogwarts and the wizard world are the creatures of myth and fantasy, creatures that fascinate young readers. Familiar and unfamiliar beings appear that either thwart Harry and his friends or help keep him safe from harm. As the young reader Kirk states, "You don't know what creatures are next." A huge three-headed dog incongruously named Fluffy guards the entrance to the chamber where the sorcerer's stone is kept. Unicorns and centaurs inhabit the Enchanted Forest on the edge of the school grounds. Goblins run Gringotts Bank, which holds the wealth of the wizarding world. The school headmaster Dumbledore's pet is Phoenix, who regularly bursts into flames and then rises from the ashes.
Perhaps the most powerful hold on readers young and old, however, is not just in the magical world created by Rowling, but in the story that she weaves and the language she uses to craft the compelling saga. While each book in the series can be read and enjoyed independently, as Harry learns more about his past and his parents, his life becomes increasingly complicated and the plots grow more elaborate. What begins as a seemingly simple story of a boy's entry into an unknown world of magic turns into a search for identity, a battle between good and evil, a maze of moral decision-making, and a quest for the meaning of human relationships. While it may be predictable that Harry will always triumph in the end, it is not predictable how he will do so or how very close he may come to failing. Just as in real life, relationships change and may follow a bumpy path, events don't always turn out the way we like, and the characters make choices that may not turn out to be the best.
One essential element of the story is the adventures of Harry and his friends. Interspersed in the day-to-day routine of classes, weekends filled with homework, and occasional outings to visit the huge but gentle gamekeeper Hagrid or the wizard village of Hogsmeade are encounters with flying keys and life-size moving chess pieces, forays into the forbidden Enchanted Forest, meetings with trolls and dragons, and escapes from detection by the dreaded Professor Snape. As another young reader, Lauren, writes, "The best things about the Harry Potter books are that they are exciting, full of adventure, magic, and breathtaking moments."
Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of Rowling's books, for children, is the supernatural power the characters possess. The website of Rowling's U.S. publisher, Scholastic Books (http://www.scholastic.com/harrypotter/author/index.htm), quotes her as saying, "The idea that we could have a child who escapes from the confines of the adult world and goes somewhere where he has power, both literally and metaphorically, really appealed to me." As witches and wizards, Harry and the rest of the children slowly acquire power over their world as they learn about different spells and potions. In contrast to the lack of power most children have in their own lives, Harry and his friends master the natural world and make it behave in ways that are most unnatural. In addition, they are able to use their power to frustrate those adults who do not have children's best interests at heart. Rowling opens the door for adolescent readers to share the characters' power while experiencing a connection to literature that has the potential to enrich their lives.

A HOST OF BEWITCHING CHARACTERS
Characters jolt, slither, and poof to life under Rowling's pen. Because she has complete personal histories developed before they become a part of the tale, even minor characters such as Sirius Black, Neville Longbottom, and Gilderoy Lockhart have a richness not always seen in fantasy writing. Their unusual names elicit such responses from young readers as this from Zach: "I like the people's names because they are communicating with what they do, and I have never read a book when the author does that."
Of course, Harry Potter himself merits the most comment from young readers. He is likable and self-effacing, in some ways similar to Marc Brown's Arthur. Harry's moments of uncertainty make him attractive to adolescents who themselves are continually facing crises of self-confidence. The fact that Harry continues to develop and change throughout the series helps young readers identify with him, as Morgan notes: "If I were in Harry's place, I would have felt like I could do anything that I wanted to do because I had powers but I wouldn't know how to use them, so I would be very eager to get to Hogwarts to learn how to use them."
Readers strongly identify with other characters as well. Young Kelsey, for example, writes: "I think Hermione has a great personality. She seems like a great girl to be around," and we are reminded that an abundance of lively and worthy supporting personalities mirror Harry's development. Ron Weasley proves to be both loyal friend and brave partner, not only following Harry but also questioning his decisions. Neville Longbottom, the inept misfit befriended by Harry, draws some interesting suggestions from young readers. Robert considers the nervous Neville as "actually brave. And what if he serves some main part in some brave deed in a later book?" Morgan sees Neville's past as an explanation for his present behavior: "Maybe when Neville was a kid he was brave, but kids made fun of his name so he lost his bravery because he was put down so many times."
Adults as well as young readers respond to the characters in the Harry Potter books. Sally feels a kinship with Hermione, saying, "I was Hermione when I was a child. I was the one who read all the books before class even started and who desperately wanted to give every answer." Liz, on the other hand, has a soft spot in her heart for Ron, who is a full partner is so many adventures, yet always gets second billing: "In the fourth book, I think Ron is justified in his feelings of resentment toward Harry's fame, yet I do admire the compromises each must make to maintain their steadfast friendship."
Rowling's characters have fully rounded personalities that are unique yet universal enough to transcend the boundaries of fantasy. They possess the qualities of heroes, but also have their faults and make very human errors in judgment. They are not just brave and beautiful; they are our friends and family members personified. Adolescents and adults across the globe (an estimated 120 million people have read at least one Harry Potter book) take firm hold of their power as readers to appreciate the author's attention to detail in creating these intriguing characters.

R-E-S-P-E-C-T
Rowling's respect for her readers is evident in the intricate world of magic and the strong characterizations in her writing. Despite the fact that even the first volume in the series, The Sorcerer's Stone, was unusually long for a children's book, she has increased the length and density with each new installment. Young readers such as Nathan have risen to the challenge: "I was glad to get to read that big a book. It made me feel important." Nick and Brent appreciate the work that is left for the reader to accomplish, noting that the books are like puzzles, and "you never know what's going to happen next." Ian recognizes that "you have to pay attention or you don't know what's going on." Paying attention, a skill that many view as drudgery and which is often "taught" in schools, is relished by the fifth-, sixth-, and eighth-graders who wrote for us.
Young readers also see the books as invitations to be creative. Robert imagines a spell he would use to "make a giant wave of lava shoot out of my wand." Morgan contrives an elaborate explanation of the password she would devise for the fat lady in the picture that guards the entrance to one of the houses or dormitories, explaining it would be chimney-soot, because "her best friend's cousin's mother-in-law's dog's favorite brand of dog treats are manufactured by a man who has a part-time job as a chimney cleaner and is often covered from head to toe in soot after he cleans his local diner's large chimney." Morgan here is delightfully mirroring the humor modeled by Rowling, who, after all, conjured up Bertie Bott's Every Flavor Beans as a favorite snack of magic youth (in chocolate, peppermint, and marmalade, but also liver, tripe, and booger).
Humor is woven into the four volumes, but so are serious considerations of universal human concern. Some young readers choose to take a particular "lesson" from their reading, but seem to recognize that the reader is the one who decides if there is something to be learned. Literacy-related learning does in fact take place for the many young readers who are impressed with Rowling's writing. Other readers choose to focus on moral and ethical considerations inherent in the Harry Potter series. "The thing that I like about the story," writes Nathan, "is that it teaches you that if you need something you have to work for it." Amber's concern for Harry, Ron, and Hermione's being caught by the castle caretaker as they are attempting to do something good shows her understanding of the sometimes blurred lines between good and evil. Robert delves into the dilemmas presented when Hermione takes up the cause of the enslaved house elves: "You know, I myself think that house elves deserve to be paid. I mean, how would you feel?" He also draws parallels between the situation at Hogwarts and the U.S. Civil War. It is doubtless a pleasure for adolescents to escape the feeling of being pandered to, while being allowed the freedom to make literary and moral decisions.

WHAT NEXT, HARRY?
Now that the Harry Potter series has been translated into more than twenty-five languages and the movie version of the first book is currently in theaters, Rowling wields considerable economic as well as literary power. Despite readers' captivation with the books, there is a danger of overexposure that could potentially diminish the powerful effect Rowling's writing has had on adolescent literature. One can visit the Harry Potter website, buy Harry Potter dolls, and play the Harry Potter game. Another potential danger is that younger and younger readers are devouring these books, which are aimed at adolescents, and this makes them "uncool" for their intended audience. In addition, as Harry ages, the content becomes more mature. Later volumes touch on dilemmas that resonate with readers going through puberty, who are able to make reasoned judgments about controversial issues, but these same issues may render the books inappropriate for the very young and the prepubescent.
Adolescents have responded with enthusiasm to Rowling's writing. Participants in a poll conducted on the Scholastic Books website, when asked what books they were planning to read other than the Potter series, produced a list that was encouragingly varied. Many of the books mentioned are of the same genre, such as The Hobbit, the Red Wall series, and The Chronicles of Narnia; but others represent a very different type of reading, such as Mr. Popper's Penguin, Anne of Avonlea, and To Kill a Mockingbird. It may be that Rowling's work is shaping the choices her young readers make about other literature. Adults ask children to read a well-balanced array of books, but seldom do so themselves; so it will be understandable if young people abandon other books in midparagraph in order to queue up again overnight when the next Potter installment arrives. Like young Nicole, we ourselves can't wait to read the three remaining books, although we have not gone to the lengths that Nathan has: "I called the public library in June and got myself put on the waiting list. If I'm not the first one to get that book, then the person before me had better hurry up!"
ADDED MATERIAL
SARA ANN (SALLY) BEACH is an associate professor in the Instructional Leadership and Academic Curriculum program of the University of Oklahoma's College of Education. ELIZABETH HARDEN WILLNER is an assistant professor in the same program.
J. K. Rowling, 2001

Analysis #4

Enthymeme: WATCO Facebook on getting into a serious relationship?
Claim: Facebook has a negative impact on the chances of getting into a serious relationship.(hampers instead of negative impact)
Reason: Because chatting on Facebook decreases one-on-one communication skills.
IA: whatever decreases one-on-one communication skills also negatively impacts an individual’s chances of getting into a serious relationship.

Audience: Single BYU boys who have an extreme addiction to Facebook.

Goal: Get the boys to use Facebook chat less or not at all.

How:
Ethos: Sources are used illustrating communication as more than the words we say. For this source, the credentials were missing, which would be good information to have especially for college age students who want to know who wrote it. There is also an apostle quote which helps to reaffirm the “one-on-one” concept but the evidence surrounding it could be better used.

Typical: In an attempt to make an argument irrefutable, the argument simply became too critical. There were no concessions. It seemed like the point was that no matter what, Facebook chat was bad. This also did not work because a lot of BYU students have Facebook . This argument was not very typical.

Effective: The argument as a whole was a mediocre persuasive piece. The smaller counterarguments were addressed while the larger ones where left unattested. More time has to be spent giving concessions, but not so much that the stance is lost. There should also be an attempt to not always refer to the most dire situations. Comparing “being like everyone else” and divorce was quite the stretch to get the point across. Reading it through like I was the audience will most likely help me to realize the holes that are left.

Essay 1(in case it is suppose to be compared)

I already started modifying it

Facebook “Friends”

Here at BYU there is a special challenge added to dating. Dating is not just to find someone you want to marry, but someone you want to spend the rest of eternity with. With a student body in excess of 30,000 it can be daunting to try and meet girls. Facebook can be a great place to strengthen whatever relationship you may have with a girl: you can chat, exchange pictures, and you can leave messages on her wall. Facebook can also be a means of ruining your relationship because you might not spend enough time together. What impact does Facebook use have on getting into serious relationships?

Defining a relationship is a touchy subject. Each relationship is different and in different stages. A serious relationship is a relationship that could potentially lead to marriage, because both members of the relationship are interested. This does not include random hookups or flings. Serious relationships take time and communication to work properly.

To get into a serious dating relationship, it is necessary to go on dates. Facebook is a convenient way to talk with those people you have a crush on. It is virtually effortless to ask someone on a date over chatting and this process eliminates being frightened of calling the girl and saying something dumb. It is also cheaper than using up your cell phone bill. However, there is a negative signal sent to your crush by not taking the time or effort to make a phone call. Many girls in my own freshman hall said that they would not accept a date over Facebook. By asking to go on a date or hang out over Facebook it is essentially telling that person they were not worth the three minutes it would take to make the phone call. Not using Facebook to ask girls on dates is a great way to start a dating process that could lead to a relationship.

Relationships should be built around communication. In a study by Albert Mehrabian, professor emeritus of Phycology from UCLA, found results showing that 55% of communication is body language, 33% is tone of voice and only 7% is the spoken word. When using online communication that is solely based on written communication,or 7% of communication, it is easy to be misled (Mehrabian). Words typed as a joke can be taken critically. Problems and misunderstandings arise where nothing harmful was intended. Facebook interaction only allows words to be transmitted over the screen, not facial expressions, or your inflections even though the emoticons have done wonders for expression of tone. Readers of quick chat remarks are not going to be able to understand the full message and import of what you are trying to say. If you are able to get online at the same time as a person you have a significant interest in, chatting by sending words over the web is not going to further the relationship. When compared to personal, face to face communication where you can see their face and understand their emotions, Facebook does not help you get to know the person as well.

It is tempting to use Facebook when so many others do. You do not have to quit Facebook entirely. It is incredibly convenient for adding pictures, notifying of events and asking masses people advice on certain subjects. However, try to limit the amount of time you spend on chat. All the other functions of Facebook are great when used in moderation. Chat is no different. It is good occasionally but try not to chat rather than talk.

Using Facebook affects not only social communication skills, but also alters your personality and temperament. Susan Greenfield, a neuroscientist, has found that using Facebook (Derbyshire) is correlated with people having shorter attention spans and self-centered users. Larry Alan Nadig, Marriage and Family Therapists said that half of communicating is expressing how you feel, and the other half is listening and understanding how others fell. He also said that when a person does not listen it makes it difficult to communicate. (Nadig 2008). By becoming more self centered and distracted by using Facebook, it will be harder to communicate properly. Listening and paying attention are very hard to do well while chatting online. There are just too many distractions to make this form of communicating effective despite its convenience. Chatting online is no replacement for actual conversation that can take place at any time. Visit the person; find an excuse to call them on the phone, anything. So many options are available to talk without having to resort to online chat. Learning how to listen is imperative to good relationships.

If you fear leaving Facebook because everyone you know is on Facebook, then call her up for a date or to hang out so that you will both be off Facebook. This takes away her opportunity to be talking with different boys. Do not make Facebook your greatest shared interest. Ask for her number if you need it. Then when you know she can talk, give her a call. Let her know you are interested by singling her out. Make lasting memories together. Dallin H Oaks said that,” Dating is pairing off to experience the kind of one-on-one association and temporary commitment that can lead to marriage in some rare and treasured cases (Dallin).” It is not possible to pair off over Facebook. At most Facebook can announce you are in a relationship, but certainly it should not function to get you in a relationship. If your relationship has been formed over Facebook, it shows that both of you do have commonality: Facebook. Learning how to talk, face to face can prove that you do have more in common than a computer application.

Facebook is an amazing application capable of bringing people together at BYU where it may be more difficult to do so otherwise. Although it can bring people together, it should not be the basis of forming a relationship. Relationships depend on communication to withstand arguments. Instead of only using online chat, spend more time with the girl to discover if she truly is the one that you would want to spend the rest of eternity with. Facebook, which is based of instant gratification and results, hardly produces the environment where lasting, meaningful relationships can be built to last for forever.

Speech

http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/churchill.htm

I am only analyzing when he starts with "The Resolution"

What are the consequences of all out war against Germany on England?

Claim: All out war against Germany is necessary for England.

Reason: because without all out war against Germany, England will be conquered.

IA: whatever causes England to be conquered is also necessary for England

Audience: Winston Churchill is addressing the House of Common’s as the Prime Minister for the first time. The audience knows about the Hitler and Germany and is hesitant to enter the war.

Goal: To get the House of Commons to wage war against Germany at all costs.

How:

Pathos: this is a very emotional speech. Churchill is offering all that he has. He is offering his blood, toil, tears, and sweat to fight this country. He is not going into the natural ceremony that an occasion as a new prime minister usually means. He is jumping right into action which is startlingly to the House of Commons at least. By using short and powerful words such as “Victory!” it makes the urgency even more apparent. I am sure he paused for emphasis at these points just to show how passionate he was about winning.

Typical: The speech is saying that if England does not fight, it will be conquered. He says that England has never stood for letting someone conquer the whole country. It will never stand for it either. The whole British Empire has never allowed it and Churchill says that it still should never allow it.

Effective:

This is a very effective speech to the audience. He shows he is urgent by ignoring ceremony, and having this as his first address to the House of Commons. He uses short words to mix up his long sentences and add emphasis. He proves that there is not other way option for England than to enter the war if England is to remain unchanged.

The Last Airbender - Trailer 3

Enthymeme: What are the consequences of watching The Last Airbender on seeing great graphics?

Claim: Watching The Last Airbender will let you see great graphics.

Reason: Because The Last Airbender is a movie about an elite group of people with special powers.

IA: Whatever lets you see a movie about an elite group of people will also let you see great graphics.

Audience: The audience is mostly boys from middle school to college age. Appeals to boys who also like action movies and war scenes.

Goal: Get the audience to want to see the movie.

How:

Pathos: appeals to excitement of battle and love. All the shots of girls are when the girls look pretty or are fighting. The two girls shown are beautiful and there is also a kissing scene. The music is fast and has a rhythmic pace meant to symbolize battle, beat of drums, and marching feet. The fire shots in the dark also make the fire shots more exciting because it makes you feel like you could get burned so your adrenaline starts pumping.

Sufficient: There is just enough information for the audience. The plot is hardly revealed. All that the audience knows is that the Fire Nation is attacking and only one person can stop them. There are lots of scenes of controlling the elements which is what is most unique part of this movie and the most likely factor to get the audience to come see the movie. The audience does not care for plot as much as it cares for the graphics.

Effective: Even though there is not very much information, this add is effective for the target audience. This audience only cares about graphics and fight scenes. The visuals and slow motion effects really bring out how well they thought out the fight scenes. Leaving out plot information is smart with this audience since they don’t really care about plot so much as action.

Word count:322

Advertisment Analysis

Enthymeme: What are the consequences of wearing Revlon's lipstick on being like Jessica Alba?

Claim: Wearing Revlon's lipstick will help you be like Jessica Alba
Reason: Because wearing Revlon's Lipstick will make you romantic and attractive.
Implicit Argument: Whatever makes you look romantic and attractive also lets you be like Jessica Alba.

Audience: This ad was in People magazine. It appeals to the trendy girls around the general age of High School to College. These girls will know who Jessica Alba is because these girls are always looking at the latest fashion in the magazine. These girls are insecure because they depend on others telling them what is trendy to get their fashion and the latest romantic tips.

Goal: To get girls to “find their shade” at the website, and eventually buy the product.

How: The advertisers appeal to the audience through ethos, pathos and being typical.
Ethos: There is ethos appeal because Jessica Alba, known by the audience as consistently rated in the top #10 sexiest women, is the person selling the product.
Pathos: Pathos works because to the colors. Black, red and silver are high class colors that give off a feeling of romance and elegance. Just by the colors audience is drawn in and reminded of high class society and romance.

Typical: This ad has a variety of different colors to choose from at the bottom. It tells what shade Jessica is wearing and then says to “find your shade”. This makes it so that even if you do not look good in the color that Jessica has, you can find the shade that exactly matches you. This part should be bigger since it is the main goal to get them to find their shade.

Effective: This ad is effective because it shows a known beautiful star who has a romantic history (known by the audience) so they will stop to look at this large photo and want to be like her. I think that using the colors to show the class and elegance she is trying to convey is also a huge factor in making the ad effective.

Word count: 345

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